双语早读|古人拜师送的“束脩(xiū)”是什么
古代人如何过教师节
教师节的历史可以追溯到汉代。据记载,在汉、晋时期,每到孔子诞辰日(农历8月27日),皇帝就会率领文武官员去孔庙祭拜这位哲学家,还会设宴款待皇室教师。
The history of Teacher's Day traces back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). According to record, during the Han (202 BC–AD 220) and Jin (1115-1234) dynasties, on August 27 each year, the birthday of Confucius, the emperor would go to Confucius' temple and pay tribute to the ancient philosopher followed by court officials, and would also invite royal teachers to the imperial court for a banquet.
在这一天,全国各地的老师都有一天假期。在都城和各州县,由地方首领或帝王主持祭孔活动。从全国的书院和学堂中选拔“先进教育工作者”,上报朝廷,并给予白银500两的奖励。
On this day, teachers around the nation enjoyed a day's vacation. The capital, all states and counties would stage sacrificial ceremonies to worship Confucius, with local chiefs or the emperor leading rituals. Excellent-performed teachers would be chosen from academies and learning institutions nationwide, reporting to the royal court and given 500 liang (两) silver coins as awards.
古人拜师为什么送束脩(xiū)
古时并没有规定哪天是教师节,但尊师传统深入人心,民间自发庆祝,可以在特定节令、塾师生日和孔子诞辰为老师送上谢礼。
老师收到礼物的节日因地区而异,其中最受重视的节日是端午节、中秋节和春节,以及孔子诞辰和塾师生日。在所有谢师节点中,拜师见面礼是必不可少的。
The festivals in which teachers received gifts varied from region to region, while the most valued ones were the Duanwu, Mid-autumn and Chinese New Year festivals, as well as Confucius' birthday and the private tutor's birthday. Among all the gift-giving festivals, the first meeting gift was a must.
学生效仿古代“束脩六礼”感谢师恩 图片来源:灌南县北陈集镇政府
古代学生与教师初次见面时,会奉赠礼物,表示敬意,名曰“束脩(xiū)”。“脩”是用盐、香料等加工制作成的腊肉或咸肉一类干肉;“束脩”,便是十条干肉。在古代,“束脩”指代私塾的学费。
起初,“束脩”多为实物,后慢慢演变为银两钱币,即“脩金”。送脩金是当时的一种社会风气,有时也是一种强制性要求,后来基本上就成为学费。
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